Properties that are expected to be satisfied by a photon wave function are enumerated and shown to be met by the formalism provided in the study: Solutions of the Maxwell equations and photon wave functions, P. A detailed study of the properties of a photon wave equation and its solutions has been made in a recent work that considers both classical and quantum solutions of the Maxwell equations. The fundamental building block of the theory of photons is the wave function for a single photon. Thermal correction to the molar polarizability of a Boltzmann gas, U. Blackbody-radiation correction to the polarizability of helium, M. We have also calculated the dominant shift of the molar polarizability in an atomic gas due to thermal effects it turns out to be negligible compared to the uncertainty of the measurement. This is in contrast to a previously published calculation that gave a result that was comparable to the uncertainty of the measurement, which thereby called the measurement into question. We find that the correction is negligibly small compared to the accuracy of the measurement. We have calculated the polarizability of helium due to blackbody radiation near room temperature. 256, Germany: Springer, ch 11, pp.375-404 (2014) (Preprint).Ī precise theoretical determination of the blackbody radiation correction to the polarizability of helium is essential for dielectric gas thermometry and for the determination of the Boltzmann constant.
Tests of Theory in Rydberg States of One-Electron Ions, in Fundamental Physics in Particle Traps, J.N. These points are discussed and results of detailed calculations, including QED effects for excited levels in hydrogen-like atoms are given in: Fundamental Constants and Tests of Theory in Rydberg States of Hydrogenlike Ions, U. It has been shown that the largest sources of uncertainty of atomic levels, namely the charge radius of the nucleus and higher-order quantum electrodynamic effects are greatly diminished in states with angular momentum 2ħ or greater. (2014).Įxcited states of atoms have attractive properties as a potential source of information on fundamental constants and tests of theory. Coordinate-space approach to vacuum polarization P. Bound-state field-theory approach to proton-structure effects in muonic hydrogen P. We have also studied vacuum polarization, the largest single contribution to the muonic atom transitions, with a formulation done in coordinate space as a basis for extending vacuum polarization calculations to more general cases, such as quark-quark vacuum polarization.
It should be noted that our calculation is the only ab initio calculation based solely on theory, which makes the agreement with other work more reassuring. The result is a contribution that is in surprisingly good agreement with the results obtained by analyzing electron scattering data using dispersion relations, which makes it likely that it is not the source of the discrepancy. In particular, we have examined the proton polarizability contribution to muonic hydrogen, the contribution with the largest uncertainty, based on a model for the proton in which it consists of three quarks confined to a spherical cavity.
In an attempt to shed light on this question, which is important to values of the fundamental constants, we have investigated various possible questions that can be raised about the theory.
There have been vigorous efforts to find a resolution of this discrepancy, particularly by reexamining the theory of muonic hydrogen. Experiments with muonic hydrogen and deuterium have led to a deduced value of the proton radius that is in disagreement with the values obtained from ordinary electronic hydrogen and deuterium.
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